Definition
Chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) occurs when pressure builds up within the body’s muscle compartments. Compartments are made of sheets of connective tissue called fascia. These sheets are under the skin of the arms and legs. They wrap around groups of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. When pressure builds up in the compartments, it disrupts or blocks blood flow to the muscles.
Unlike acute compartment syndrome, CCS is not an emergency. But you should see your doctor to get treatment.
Risk Factors
Participating in endurance sports increases your chance of getting CSS. You are at greater risk if you participate in sports that involve running or jumping.
Symptoms
CSS can affect the lower leg. But, it can also affect the arms, hands, feet, and buttocks. If you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to CCS. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions.
- Pain on both sides of the body, such as in both legs
- Severe pain during exercise that typically goes away an hour after stopping
- Fullness or tightness in the muscle
- Tender, aching muscles
- Muscle weakness
- Numbness, tingling
- In severe cases, foot drop—a foot slaps hard on the ground when running
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:
Surgery
Surgery, called fasciotomy, is the main treatment for CCS. This is done to open the compartment and relieve pressure. A long slice will be made into the fascia to open the tissue and relieve pressure. It takes about three months to recover. You will have to do physical therapy.
Nonsurgical Approaches
If you decide not to have surgery, your doctor may recommend that you:
- Stop the activity that is causing CCS and rest.
- Change your training routine.
- Do physical therapy.
- Take anti-inflammatory medications or muscle relaxants.